| Atrial myxoma | |
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| Classification and external resources | |
Micrograph of an atrial myxoma. H&E stain. |
An atrial myxoma is a benign tumor found in the heart, commonly in the upper left or right side. It grows on the wall (atrial septum) that separates the two sides of the heart.
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Myxomas are the most common type of primary heart tumor.[1]
The tumor is derived from multipotential mesenchymal cells and may cause a ball valve-type obstruction.
About 75% of myxomas occur in the left atrium of the heart, usually beginning in the wall that divides the two upper chambers of the heart. The rest are in the right atrium. Right atrial myxomas are sometimes associated with tricuspid stenosis and atrial fibrillation.
Myxomas are more common in women. About 10% of myxomas are passed down through families (inherited). Such tumors are called familial myxomas. They tend to occur in more than one part of the heart at a time, and often cause symptoms at a younger age than other myxomas.
Symptoms may occur at any time, but most often they accompany a change of body position. Symptoms may include:
The symptoms and signs of left atrial myxomas often mimic mitral stenosis. General symptoms may also be present, such as:
These general symptoms may also mimic those of infective endocarditis.
The health care provider will listen to the heart with stethoscope. A "tumor plop" (a sound related to movement of the tumor), abnormal heart sounds, or murmur may be heard. These sounds may change when the patient changes position.
Right atrial myxomas rarely produce symptoms until they have grown to be at least 13 cm (about 5 inches) wide.
Tests may include:
Blood tests: A FBC may show anemia and increased WBCs (white blood cells). The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is usually increased.
The tumor must be surgically removed. Some patients will also need their mitral valve replaced. This can be done during the same surgery.
Myxomas may come back if surgery did not remove all of the tumor cells.
Although a myxoma is not cancer, complications are common. Untreated, a myxoma can lead to an embolism (tumor cells breaking off and traveling with the bloodstream), which can block blood flow. Myxoma fragments can move to the brain, eye, or limbs.
If the tumor grows inside the heart, it can block blood flow through the mitral valve and cause symptoms of mitral stenosis. This may require emergency surgery to prevent sudden death.
Other primary cardiac tumours include:
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